| Bluestripe snapper | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Perciformes |
| Suborder: | Percoidei |
| Superfamily: | Percoidea |
| Family: | Lutjanidae |
| Genus: | Lutjanus |
| Species: | L. kasmira |
| Binomial name | |
| Lutjanus kasmira Forsskål, 1775 |
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| Distribution of the bluestripe snapper | |
| Synonyms | |
The bluestripe snapper, Lutjanus kasmira, (also known as the bluestripe sea perch and the blue-line snapper) is a common species of marine fish of the snapper family Lutjanidae. The bluestripe snapper is one of the most widespread of the snappers, inhabiting a range from the Red Sea south to Madagascar and east to India, Asia, Indonesia, Australia and a number of Pacific Islands including Hawaii.
The species is so named due to its distinctive colouration, which consists of a bright yellow body overlain by narrow horizontal electric blue stripes. The bluestripe snapper is primarily a reef dweller living in shallow coastal areas to reefs up to 265 meters (869 ft) deep, consuming a range of fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. Often schooling while juveniles, the adults tend to be solitary and reach a maximum known length of 40 centimeters (16 in).
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The bluestripe snapper is classified in the genus Lutjanus, which is part of the snapper family Lutjanidae. The Lutjanus falls into the subfamily Lutjaninae. The Lutjanidae are Perciformes in the suborder Percoidei.[1]
The species was first scientifically described by Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål in 1775 under the name Sciaena kasmira, with the holotype specimen taken from "Arabia", possibly the Persian Gulf. Forsskål re examined the fish and determined that he had initially misassigned it, and put it in the genus Lutjanus, creating the new combination Lutjanus kasmira.[2] After Forsskål, naturalists tried to reclassify the species, with Cuvier proposing Diacope octolineata , Lesson Mesoprion etaape and Bleeker Mesoprion pomacanthus for the species. These are all considered junior synonyms under the ICZN naming rules.[3]
The common names of Lutjanus kasmira are descriptive in nature, with adjectives such as bluestripe, blue-banded and blouband commonly used in front of generic names such as 'snapper' and 'sea perch'. There are a large number of local names used for the species, stemming from the fish's wide range.[3]
The body is moderately deep in profile, with the dorsal profile of the head steeply sloped, having a well-developed preopercular notch and knob. Identifying morphological features include the number of gill rakers on lower limb of the first arch, which number 13 or 14, with the total rakers on the first arch numbering 20 to 22. The dorsal fin consists of 10 spines anterior to 14 or 15 soft rays, while the anal fin has 3 spines and 7 or 8 soft rays. The pectoral fins have 15 or 16 rays, with the caudal fin being slightly emarginate. The row of scales on the back rise obliquely above the lateral line, which contains 48 to 51 scales.[2] The species reaches a maximum length of 40 centimeters (16 in).[3]
The color is probably the most diagnostic feature of the fish, especially when alive or fresh from the water. The back and sides of the fish are bright yellow, with the lower sides and underside of head fading to white. Four bright blue stripes run longitudinally on the side of the fish, with several faint greyish stripes on lowermost part of sides. All fins are yellow.[2]
The bluestripe snapper is one of the most widespread species of the Lutjanidae, ranging from the coast of Egypt bordering the Red Sea, south to Madagascar and east to India, China, South East Asia, Australia and a number of Pacific Islands.[4]
Like many snappers, it inhabits coral reefs, occurring in both shallow lagoons and on outer reef slopes to depths of at least 60 meters (200 ft), at depths reaching 180 meters (590 ft) at the Marquesas Islands and 265 meters (869 ft) at the Red Sea. In Hawaii they spend some time over seagrass and sandy substrates.[5] They frequently gather in large aggregations around coral formations, caves or wrecks during daylight hours.[2]
The preferred habitat of the species changes with age, with young fish schooling on sandy substrates, while larger fish are more solitary, and inhabit deep reefs.
The bluestripe snapper is part of an unusual mimicry relationship with the goatfish, Mulloidichthys mimicus, whose colouration nearly exactly matches that of the snapper. The goatfish school alongside the snapper, with this behavior attributed to predatory protection. The goatfish are presumably a more preferred prey than bluestripe snapper.[6]
The bluestripe snapper has a varied diet, feeding on fishes, shrimps, crabs, stomatopods, cephalopods and planktonic crustaceans, as well as plant and algae material. Diet varies with age, location and the prevalent prey items locally.[2]
The bluestripe snapper reaches sexual maturity at around 20 to 25 centimeters (7.9 to 9.8 in). Spawning occurs throughout most of the year in lower latitudes with peak activity reported for November and December in the Andaman Sea. Its eggs measure from 0.78 to 0.85 millimeter (0.031 to 0.033 in) in diameter and hatch when temperatures reach 22 to 25 °C (72 to 77 °F).[2]
In the 1950s, investigators from the Hawaii's Division of Fish and Game conducted marine fauna surveys and found the Hawaiian ichthyofauna was dominated by herbivorous fishes which they concluded were "a useless end in the food chain".[7] Unlike many Pacific Islands, Hawaii lacked any fish from the Serranidae or Lutjanidae family, so to increase recreational and commercial food fishing opportunities, and fill a perceived 'vacant ecological niche', collections of eleven species of snappers and groupers were imported from Mexico, Kiribati, the Marquesas Islands and Moorea and introduced to Hawaii.[8] Only three species thrived, dominated by the bluestripe snapper, now occupying many of the Hawaiian Islands.[9]
In the following years, fishers and ecologists raised concerns that the snapper would out-compete other fish for space and food, as well as prey upon them. Scientific investigation has not been able to find evidence to support these claims with respect to competition for food or predation. Snappers may be competitively dominant over native yellow-fin goatfish, Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, for sheltering space on the reef[8]. This is likely only the case in situations where both are present in high densities.
A parasitic nematode, Spirocamallanus istiblenni, may have been introduced to Hawaiian waters when the fish were released. The addition of this parasite may have impacted native fishes, which may not have been subject to the species before the introduction of L. kasmira.[10]
The species has also failed to become as a food fish and commercial resource for the islands, because of low market prices. Since it competes with more commercially valuable fish, most fishers view it as a pest. Since 2008, Hawaii has conducted a series of spearfishing contests that targeted blue-stripes, along with Blue-spotted Groupers and black tail snappers with the intent of removing these fish from Hawaiian waters.[11]
The bluestripe snapper is commonly taken throughout its range by handlines, traps and gill nets. It is usually marketed fresh, and is common in the markets of many countries. It is one of the principal species in the Hawaiian handline fishery,[12] but as noted above, it fetches low prices at market.[2]